"Theories of Eveything by Logic" is written by Wan-Jiung Hu, MD PhD. It provides the utimate theories about the solutions of grand unified field theory, dark matter, dark energy, universal spinity, universal impelity, flight principle, origin of inertia, charge relativity, universal lightity, earthquake theory, tornado theory, geomagnetism reversal theory, utimate atom model, new chemical bond theory, heat expansion, acid-base theory, origin of homochiralty, extinction theory, sugar & lipid code, concious/subconcious theory, economic theory, strong-light interaction, and Navier-Stoke equation.
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Summary of content
The following descriptions are the summary
of key points of the book:
Theories
of everything in physics
The unit of space: space is built by smallest possible space unit called Planck volume
(Planck lengh^3) or Planck cell. Planck length is the smallest possible radius
to avoid space collapse into black hole in the beginning of universe (must >
Schwartzchild radius). Planck length is also the unit oscillation displacement
when light is passing through space. The space discontinuity can solve Zeno’s
paradox.
Planck length=(h’G/c3)1/2
(h’=planck
constant, G=gravity constant, c=lightspeed)
The meaning of time: time is due to simple harmonic oscillation of the smallest space
unit: Planck volume. Light with E=hf can affect the unit space oscillation
frequency. Thus, light can decide time. We won’t detect this oscillation if we
travel at lightspeed. That is the underlying reason of special relativity’s
time dilatation (time cease). Thus, time can be united as the fourth dimension
of space.
The principle of inertia(mass): rest object remains at rest. It is because the rest object mass
with gravity acceleration causes spacetime curvature. This spacetime curvature
wraps up the object to limit its motion. It is like an iron ball on the bed. Thus,
rest object remains at rest.
The principle of charge: the definition of charge is that it can cause spacetime torsion (whirlpool).
If positive charge causes clockwise whirlpool, then negative charge causes
counterclockwise whirlpool in the plane. The in-between spacetime arrangement
among two charges decides their attraction or repulsion. Thus, same charges
repulse, and opposite charges attract. Charge caused electromagnetism can
explain the whirlpool shapes of spiral galaxies of universe like our milky way
galaxy. There are two types of galaxies in universe: epileptic galaxies (dominant
by mass-gravity) and spiral galaxies (dominant by charge-electromagnetism).
Dark matter theory is hypothesized because spiral galaxies lack enough mass. If
spiral galaxies are formed by electromagnetism, dark matter is not needed. The
equation relating charge and spacetime torsion is called charge relativity
which replaces quantum electrodynamics.
Charge relativity: F=DxAy-DyAx
(Faraday tensor)
The principle of light: light is not only electromagnetic wave. It is also gravitational
wave. Electromagnetic field decides photon’s amplitude, and gravity field decides
photon’s frequency. Only with both amplitude and frequency, a photon wave can
be made. Light carrying gravity field can explain why light can be attracted and
curved by massive stars or blackholes. This can explains why gravitational wave
travels at lightspeed. Besides, light’s characteristics fulfils gravitational
wave which transmits gravity field away from mass source (light frequency). There
is no spin-2 graviton. Photon is spin-1 boson decided by electromagnetism (rank1
tensor 4-current) and gravity (rank1 tensor 4-mometum).
Light gravity(acceleration) field: a=lp*ω2
(lp=Planck length, ω=light angular frequency)
Light momentity(impelity/spinity)(linear/angular
momentum) field i=2Ip*ω
The principle of heat: heat is energy. Due to Unruh-Hawking effect, temperature can be
linked with acceleration(T->a). The light(thermal) pressure(P=kT4/c)
is the dark energy which causes spacetime accelerating expansion. Photons
emitted from galaxies can travel to the edge of universe to cause 4 dimensional
universe accelerating expansion via light pressure. This pressure can also
explain why heat causes object expand and cold causes object shrink. Temperature
is in inverse proportion to distance, and temperature is also in inverse
proportion to time. The temperature-time equation is T*t=h’/k. Thus, the second
law of thermodynamics (entropy arrow) and time arrow and radiation arrow can
all be linked.
Light pressure-spacetime equation: σT4/c=(π2/60)h’/tx3
(T=temperature, c=lightspeed, t=time,
x=length(radius) of universe)
Unruh-Hawking effect: T=ah’/2πkc
(k=Boltzmann constant)
The definition of magnetism: rest charge causes electricity(Coulomb electrostatic force) and
moving charge causes magnetism. Both spinning and linear moving charges can
cause magnetic fields. Magnetism is the results of moving charges due to
special relativity. So, the origin of magnetism is also electric charge, and
there is no magnetic monopole.
Magnetic field from point charge=(u/4π)QC/r2
The definition of momentity: rest mass causes gravity and moving mass causes momentity.
Momentity is also the inevitable results of moving mass due to special
relativity. Momentity include two concepts: Spinity(rotational frame dragging
for spinning mass) and Impelity(linear frame dragging for linear moving mass). Spinity
says that a spinning mass can cause nearby spacetime (and the small mass on it)
to orbit around the central mass. It can explain the stable existence of Saturn
ring. If there is only gravity, Saturn ring masses should all fall onto Saturn.
It can also explain why eight planets of our solar system all are orbiting in
the same plane with the orbiting direction the same as sun’s spin direction. Spinity
is due to angular momentum. Impelity says that a linear moving mass can cause
nearby spacetime (and the small mass on it) to move along with it. It depends
on linear momentum. It can explain why bird attack is so huge on the fast
moving aircraft (with large linear momentum and so impelity). Rotational frame
dragging effect can explain the conservation of angular momentum. A mass
rotates and it will cause surrounding spacetime to rotate around it. Since the
surrounding spacetime rotates, the mass on it also rotates. The mass rotates
again and the spacetime rotates again. The mass rotates again and again which
is the phenomenon of conservation of angular momentum. Linear frame dragging
effect can also explain the conservation of linear momentum by the similar
mechanism.
Spinity formula=SJj/r4
(S=2G/c2 spinity-impelity
constant, J=central mass spin angular momentum, j=small mass orbiting angular
momentum, r=distance between two masses)
Impelity formula=SPp/r2
(S=2G/c2 spinity-impelity
constant, P=larger mass linear momentum, p=smaller mass linear momentum, r=distance
between two masses)
Pair production: The light-to-light collision is the reason of particle(fermion)
formation. This new theory proposes that electron and neutrino are from massive
W/Z bosons after light-Higgs weak-light interaction. Neutron and proton are
from massive gluons after light-Higgs strong-light interaction. This new theory
can explain why neutrino has mass which didn’t explain in current standard
model. The fine structure constant 1/137 is actually the electric energy
divided by rest mass energy of electron or proton. This solves the mystery of
the origin of 1/137. And, the particle radius of fermion(such as electron) is
r=h’/2mc. The particle radius of photon is r=λ/2π. Both fermion(electron,
proton etc) and photon are spinning in lightspeed c. The angular frequency w
from light energy E=h’w is also the angular velocity of spinning photon.
Universe field equation: The universe spacetime is decided by gravitomomentism,
electromagnetism/light, and light pressure. Gravity/momentism is spacetime
curvature, and electricity/magnetism is spacetime torsion. If we combine all
these above force field together, we get an unified universe field equation. The
net field equation cancels out the torsion part of electromagnetism and leaves
only the curvature part of gravitomomentism and light pressure. This suggests
that our universe is a perfect sphere. Gravity causes the sphere to shrink and
light pressure causes the sphere to expand acceleratingly. The net universe
field equation is the same as Ricci flow which can explain the heat-like flow
to cause a point to expand to a sphere deducted in topology Poncaire
conjecture.
Universe field equation:
Guv+Fuv-Tuv=
-(Ruv-1/2guvR)
(cancel out torsion part: Fuv
charge relativity, Tuv Electromagnetic wave)
Ricci flow=Ruv-1/2guvR=-KEuv=-K(ρUuUv-pguv)
(ρ mass density, U velocity, p=radiation
pressure, guv metric tensor)
(=gravitomomentity part minus radiation
pressure part)
Unified field equation: by combining Larmor formula and Stefan-Boltzmann’s law, we can get
a unified field equation to link all physics fields including electric field,
magnetic field, gravity field, momentity field(spinity/impelity field), and
temperature/heat field. Gravity field is also acceleration, and momentity field
is also linear and angular momentum. This equation is also the transformation
of light (photon) and heat. It also explains the boson radiation from fermions.
If we replace EM fields with Yukawa potential/field, we can also including
strong and weak interaction to explain gluon and W/Z boson radiation. Besides,
Higgs and meson boson radiation can also be explained.
epsilon*BEGIm=(energy/v*ct
)*c^2(light-heat transformation)
(epsilon=electric vacuum permeability, B=magnetic field,
E=electric field, G=acceleration=gravity field, Im=momentity
field(spinity/impelity)(angular momentum/linear momentum, T=temperature,
V=volume=space, ->temperature/heat field, c=lightspeed,BE can be replaced by Yukawa field
equation for strong/weak force)
Birth of universe: The creation of universe is due to the collision of primordial
matter and anti-matter. The mass of the primordial matter or anti-matter is
Planck mass. The charge of the primordial matter or anti-matter is Planck
charge. The smallest space and time unit for the early beginning is Planck
length and Planck time. The collision produced heat/light energy which is the
maximal Planck temperature, and Planck frequency which initiated universe
expansion. This is the Planck epoch. The highest temperature induced light
pressure caused the inflation stage of early universe.
Planck mass=(h’c/4G)1/2
End of universe: Light pressure is dark energy, the driving force for universe
accelerating expansion. This means temperature^4 is inverse proportional to
spacetime tx3. Thus, in the early beginning universe with maximal
Planck temperature, the universe spacetime (tx3) is the smallest. In
the end of our universe with near absolute temperature zero, the universe
spacetime will become largest to near infinite large. The time will be
prolonged as near infinite long to near eternity. But, the final time duration
will depend on the inverse of zero point frequency. So, there is only “uni”-verse,
not “multi”-verse.
Light pressure-spacetime equation: σT4/c=(π2/60)h’/tx3
(T=temperature, c=lightspeed, t=time,
x=length(radius) of universe)
Theories
of everything in chemistry
Atom model: Current
atom model is explained by Dirac’s quantum mechanics. However, the EPR paradox
means that quantum mechanics contradicts with special relativity’s sprit:
localty. Schrodinger’s cat also suggests that quantum mechanics has causality
problem. Using wave function to explain massive particle is not correct
examining by relativity. Bohr’s original atom model didn’t include nuclear
force(pion) and magnetic force. If we consider the two forces, a deterministic
atom model can be formed. In nucleus, protons and neutrons are arranged in two
lines. In proton line, clockwise proton is link to a counterclockwise proton
and then to a clockwise proton and so on. In neutron line, clockwise neutron is
link to a counterclockwise neutron and then to a clockwise neutron and so on. The
neutron line is beneath the proton line. Fermions are spinning is lightspeed.
The Pauli principle is due to paired opposite-spin fermions can cancel out
mutual repulsive electricity due to attractive magnetism. Thus, proton or
neuron must pack in above way to keep the lowest stable energy. It is also due
to the tensor component of nuclear force mediated by neutral pion whose attraction
is for left-right opposite spin and for up-down same spin. Thus, the magnetic
moment for proton/line and neutron/line is opposite. For odd number nucleus,
there is angular momentum. For even number nucleus, there is no net angular
momentum and no nuclear rotation. Because of the magnetic moment produced by
proton line or neutron line, the electrons will orbit in the middle plane to
align the proton or neutron magnetic field. Bohr’s angular momentum
quantization is needed due to wave-particle duality. In N=1 orbit, it is a
circle allowing only one paired electrons(2). In N=2 orbit, it can include two
8 shaped wave-orbit allowing maximal four paired electrons(8,8). The two
opposite moving orbit in 8 shape can form a stable standing wave. In N=3 orbit,
it is 18,18 electrons. In N=4 orbit, it is 32,32 electrons. And so on. Thus,
atom magic number can be explained. Quantum mechanics is replaced.
Chemical bond: Based on the above atom model, we can propose a new chemical bond
theory. Chemical bond can then be formed by two ways. 1. Paired electron(such
as pyramid structure CH4): one electron from one atom can pair with
another electron from another atom to make an electron pair with opposite spin.
For example: H2. Hypervalent molecules such as SF6 is also linked by
this way. 2. Fulfill standing wave of one orbit(planar structure): Electrons
from one atom will donate to the orbit of the recipient atom to complete the
stable standing wave for the recipient atom. For example: HCl. The electron
from H atom will move to the outer orbit of Cl atom to make whole 8 electrons
in the outer orbit. This is the spirit of Lewis Octet rule. N2 is
also formed by this way. Because of the donator-recipient relation of the two N
atoms, N2 molecule has polarity(N2 polarity is 18 versus
H2 polarity is 8). This new theory can explain the planar{Ni(CN)4}2
or pyramid shapes{Co(Cl)4}2of chelating compound. The
sigma or pi bond from quantum mechanics is not needed.
Theories
of everything in geosciences
Earthquake theory: earthquake is actually due to abrupt light (radiation) release from
crust fissures and holes. Current plate tectonic theory has several defects: 1.
Plate is a slow moving structure about 1cm per 30 years 2. Earthquake happens
in a certain point compared to the large scale plate 3. Plate tectonic theory
cannot explain earthquake light, ionosphere anomaly during earthquake,
electric/magnetic field anomaly during earthquake, infrared/radio wave anomaly
during earthquake, bizarre animal behaviors who are sensible to EM wave change
4. There is huge energy from the moving of large scale plate 5. The plate sinks
in trough, so the crushing force between ocean plate and continental plate
should not happen 6. Hot spot places with frequent earthquake happening such as
Hawaii are not located in plate boundary 7. Plate tectonic theory cannot
explain the happening of earthquake in recent east America which is not located
in plate boundary, although this situation is not frequent 8. Plate tectonic
theory cannot explain why super moon which is very close to earth tends to
increase the chance of earthquake
If earthquake is due to abrupt light
release from inside earth, it can also explain why there are more earthquakes
happening in earth belts. Crust fissures are located in these earth belts, so
light (EM or heat wave) is more easily to release out from these locations.
Light can also be released from crust holes such as volcanos in hot spots
places (Hawaii etc.). This theory can also explain EM anomaly, ionosphere
anomaly(affected by released EM wave), earthquake light, and abnormal animal
behaviors. If there are also faults in locations not in plate boundary, light
can also be released from these faults. It can explain the east America
earthquake recently. Since light also carry gravity field, there should be
gravity attraction between massive moon and releasing light. Thus, super moon
will increase the chance of earthquake. Based on Snell’s refraction law, there
is velocity difference between different frequencies of light. If we can monitor
the spectrum change of light as well as the EM associated anomaly before
earthquake, we will be able to predict earthquake.
Geomagnetism: The generation of planet’s or sun’s magnetic field is related to
their spin. When the earth started to spin due to external torque such as sun’s
spinity, its inner iron core will react. Due to the conservation of angular
momentum, the orbiting electrons of iron atom in the earth core would start to
rotate in the opposite direction compared to earth spin. This is Einstein-De
Haas effect. When all orbiting electrons are aligned, a geomagnetic field from
earth is generated. So, earth spin axis is related to the magnetic field
direction. In my atom model, electrons can orbit as the direction of protons or
neutrons’ opposite magnetic field from nucleus. Thus, after a certain period,
electrons orbiting as protons’ magnetic field will change to orbit as neutrons’
magnetic field. Thus, it will cause a total geomagnetic change called
geomagnetic reversal. As for sun, it happens for its Helium atoms. The magnetic
reversal also happens for sun due to the above reason.
Tornado theory: Currently, the mechanism of tornado-genesis is unknown. It can be
explained by charge relativity. Tornado usually happens in hot summer. Heat can
be transformed into electric energy. Thus, supercell(clouds) can accumulate
electric potential & charge. Charge can cause spacetime torsion. Thus,
charge from supercell will attract near-ground air with opposite charge. A
tornado wind pattern can then be generated. Because electric potential &
charge play important roles in tornado, tornado clouds(supercell) usually
accompany thunder and lightening.
Theories
of everything in biology
Extinction theory: During earth evolution, there are many extinction events (around 23
times) including five great bio-extinction events. There is no united theory to
explain the extinction phenomenon. I propose that Milankovitch cycle is the
reason of repeating extinction events on earth. Milankovitch cycle is due to
spinity-gravity oscillation. Milankovitch cycle is due to eccentricity of earth
orbit, the axis tilt of earth, the apsidal and axial procession of earth, and
the orbital inclination. Thus, there are extreme cold periods and extreme hot
periods on earth. The cold periods are known as glacier periods. Temperature
change is the reasons of extinction. The Milankovitch cycle in historical
record is consistent with the major extinction periods. Thus, a cycling
repeated extinction events happened. Comet collision was thought as the reason
of dinosaur extinction. However, the total extinction of dinosaurs spends for
long period (~10000 years), not a sudden disaster. Very low earth temperature
was observed at that time. A comet collision cannot explain the severe global
temperature drop on earth. Only low temperature can explain why warm blood
animals with hairs and feather such as mammals and birds survived and cold
blood animals such as dinosaurs extinct. Larger animals with larger body
surface tending to lose heat were easily extinct. After then, warm blood
animals started to dominate the earth during the slowing recovery of earth
temperature due to their survival advantage. Besides, other major greatest
comet collision events on earth were not correlated with the extinction events.
Based on research calculation, the icy dust from comet could only drop
temperature for two months. Volcano eruption is suggested as another reason for
extinction. However, temperature raise or drop after volcano eruption is also
relative transient (warming: 50-200 years, cold: only drop 0.5-0.8C). Sea level
change is also observed during the big five major extinction events. Sea level
change is direct linked to earth temperature change.
Protein world theory & homochiralty:
The origin of life on earth is still
unknown. The most accepted theory is RNA world theory. It means RNA appears
first, and then it evolves into protein and DNA. However, there are several
defects. First, RNA is unstable molecule which is easily degraded. Second, RNA
self catalytic ability is limited. Third, RNA as the original bio-material
cannot explain homochiralty. Fourth, the building block of RNA, ribose, cannot
be formed spontaneously. So, I propose a protein world theory. All amino acids
can be made in primordial condition in the Urey experiment. No ribose, DNA, or
RNA was found. Protein and peptide can be spontaneously formed stably from
these amino acids. Protein such as prion also has self-replication (self-catalytic)
ability. Protein also has mutation ability. This can be explained by dissipative
structure which is the mechanism of bio-organism. 1. Open system: protein can
easily get energy from outside environment in hot temperature early earth 2.
Away from thermal equilibrium: protein system can use positive-feed back
(autocatalytic ability) to get non-linear dynamics to disobey the second law of
thermodynamics 3. Mutation/fluctuation: protein such as prion can have
mutability such as conformation change to fit environmental selection. 4.
Diversification: the accumulation of mutation will lead to evolution. Thus,
protein as first bio-material can get negative entropy from outside environment
to maintain life. That is why life is a system different from other physical
objects which always gain positive entropy obeying second law of
thermodynamics. If L-amino acids (certain entaniomer) are selected due to early
earth environment such as sublimation or crystalization, L-peptides/proteins
served as catalysis tends to catalyze the formation of D-sugars. This is the
origin of mutual co-evolution of sugar-protein homochiralty. Only after the
generation of D-ribose, there is the synthesis of early RNA. Protein enzyme
such as RNA polymerase (no RNA primer needed) may evolve early. Thus, majority
of RNA polymerases are strongly conservative. rRNA and riboses evolved later.
There is more variation of ribose to do phylogenic study to decide bio-organism
evolution branches. Thus, RNA-protein loop can maintain an away non-linear dissipative
structure. Telomerase which uses RNA primer to make short DNA is highly similar
to RNA polymerase structure. Thus, telomerase can evolve from RNA polymerase. Since
DNA synthesis needs RNA primer, DNA evolved later than RNA. Although protein
fulfills the dissipative structure system, it has only limited mutation ability
without changing its sequences. Thus, protein tends to evolve into RNA and DNA
(easier mutations and sequence change) to get more diversity to combat
environmental selection. DNA can form a double helix structure to allow
sex-like recombination for more diversity. It can also save genetic
information. RNA becomes intermediate molecule for non-linear positive or
negative feedback (RNAi). Thus, the evolution direction for early life should
be protein->RNA->DNA.
Socio biology: Darwin’s evolution theory explains the competition of different
species due to nature selection. The over-emphasized competition causes social
Darwinism. Darwin didn’t point out the cooperation between same species
apparently. There is a basic principle such as “dog doesn’t eat dog”. Same
species don’t kill each other at least. In high mammals or birds, this is the
origin of ethic principles. Because of the cooperation between same species,
there are other moral principles developed such as sharing, love, respect, self-control,
diligence, or tolerance. This is a new biological branch called socio biology. In
same animals such as lions, they may kill infant lions. This may not simply be
cruel or selfish behavior. Parents may see the infant animals as assets or
loading. This may be correlated to abortion behavior in human. Ethics
principles have the biological origin.
Concious and subconscious: Concious and subconscious are important concepts in psychiatry.
Freud also developed superego, id, and ego in psychology. However, the
correlation of the psychiatry/psychology and neurology is not clear. I propose
that conscious/superego is located in frontal lobe, and subconscious/id is
located in limbic system. Frontal lobe has output fibers to control limbic
system. It has important function as judgment to distinguish right and wrong
and possibly to control the sense of shame. Thus, morality is located in
frontal cortex learned by socialization and education. Limbic system includes
hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdale. Hyppocampus is the RAM of our brain
with the function of immediate dynamic memory. Hypothalamus is the key
physiological regulators for drives controlling hunger, thirst, and sex (basic
instincts). Amygdala controls the emotion such as fear, anxiety, and anger. Thus,
limbic system is the best candidate of Freud’s subconscious based on his
definition. Thus, we can link psychiatry to neurology. Integration of conscious
frontal lobe(superego) and subconscious limbic system(id) makes an ego. Dissociation
status such as hypnosis, drug(ketamine), and meditation is related to the
inhibition of frontal lobe and dis-integration of frontal-limbic system.
Sugar/lipid code: The central dogma is DNA->RNA->Protein->Sugar or lipid.
Although the genetic or protein code is well understood, the specific sequence
codes for sugar or lipid is not generalized. Sugar can be categorized into
three categories: N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, and C-glycosylation. In
N-glycosylation, adding GlcNAc linked core pentasaccharide(Man3-GlcNAc-GlcNAc)
has a specific amino acid sequence: Asn-X-Ser/Thr-X or Asn-X-Cys-X. X can be
any amino acid except proline, aspartic acid or glutamic acid. This is the
N-glycosylation sugar code. C-glycosylation is also C-mannosylation. The adding
enzyme recognized a specific amino acid sequence: W-X-X-W. W is tryptophan and
X is any amino acid sequence. It is the sugar code for C-glycosylation. In
O-glycosylation, it has several possibilities. Proteoglycan has specific amino
acid sequence: -Ser-Gly-X-Gly-(X is any amino acid). Xylose started sugar is
linked to Ser residue of the proteoglycan. This is the sugar code for
proteoglycan O-glycosylation. Then, collagen has a common amino acid sequence:
(Gly-X-Y)n. X is proline and Y is hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine. Gal can link
to hydrolysine residue of collagen. This is the sugar code for collagen. O-glycosylation
is mainly the linking of GalNAc or GlcNAc to OH of Ser/Thr/Tyr of cellular
protein. In Glogi, GalNAc is added to protein. In cytosol or nuclear, GlcNAc is
added to protein. There is also a preferred amino acid sequence:
Pro-X-Ser/Thr-Pro. X is any amino acid, but non-polar amino acid is preferred
such as proline, valine, or alanine. If we compare O-glycosylation to
N-glycosylation, we see a proline residue in X of Asn-X-Ser/Thr-X will prefer
O-glycosylation to N-glycosylation.
About phosphorylation versus
O-glycosylation. Phosphorylation also works on OH of Ser/Thr/Tyr residues like
O-glycosylation. And, (Pro)-X-Ser/Thr-Pro is the common sequence for protein kinases.
There is Ying-Yang switch machinery for this. After protein phosphorylation,
protein will initiate a signal transduction cascade to phosphorylate other
proteins to amplify the outside signals. However, the protein is easily
degraded. On the other hand, O-glycosylation will make the protein become
stable. But, it lacks the ability for signal transduction. If a protein is
phosphorylated, then it is not O-glycosylated and vice versa.
As for the lipid codes, N-myristoylation is
the attachment of myristate to N-terminal glycine of a protein. S-palmitolation
is the attachment of palmitate to cytoplasmic cysteine residue of a given
protein. Isoprenylation(farnesylation & geranylgeranylation) is to add the
lipid group to C-terminal cysteine from the consensue sequence CaaX(a is any
aliphatic amino acid). Finally, cholesterol is added to the c-terminus glycine
of a given protein.
Methylation
versus acetylation versus sumoylation versus ubiquitination. Acetylation is to add the acetyl-CoA carried acetyl group to the
lysine residue or N-terminal of any given protein. Methylation is to add the
methyl group to lysine or arginine residue of any given protein. The consensus sequence
of arginine methylation is RGG, RXR, GRG. Both lysine acetylation and
methylation tends to work on possible K-S/T residue. There is also Yin-Yang
machinery. Protein methylation causes permanent protein inactivation, and
protein acetylation gives the protein activity. Another two important
regulating machinery also works on lysine residue of a protein. When there is
no methyl group or acetyl group on the lysine residue of a protein, it can be
recognized by an ubiquitin protein. Then, this protein will be sent to
proteasome for degradation. Old proteins tend to lose their acetyl group, so
they will be easily ubiquitinized and degraded. SUMO protein also recognizes
lysine residue of a protein, and it causes transient inactivation of the
protein. Most SUMO targeted proteins are transcription factors. SUMO recognized
a specific protein sequence: YKXE/D. Y is any hydrophobic acid, K is lysine, X
is any amino acids, and D/E is acidic amino acid. These four machinery competes
each other for protein regulation.
Theories
of everything in mathematics
Strong light interaction: Similar to electroweak interaction, strong force mediating gluons
get mass from higgs via strong-light(gluons-photon) interaction. After the
interaction, the eight gluons become G1-8:rb br rr/bb
bg gb gr rg gg All green color including gluons
gain mass, and others are still massless. The mass of G4,5,6,7=1/2Vg.
Yang-Mill mass gap problem is due to the lost mass from neutron/proton by
considering their three quarks’ mass. Based on strong light interaction,
green-like gluons can contribute the majority of mass for neutron or proton.
Theories of everything in economics
The
five strategies will be good solutions to solve prisoners’ dilemma. Thus,
instead of Nash equilibrium, good results for both sides will be chosen to
avoid the worse situation of prisoners’ dilemma.
Theories of everything in economics
How
to solve prisoners’ dilemma?
Abstract
Prisoners’ dilemma is a key problem in
oligopoly. When the two sides are facing the prisoners’ dilemma, they will both
pick the worse situation due to Nash equilibrium. Thus, how to solve prisoners’
dilemma is important in business as well as many aspects during our choices in
daily life. Here, I will propose several methods to solve prisoners’ dilemma.
1. Final strong award 2. Final strong punishment 3. Strong coherence 4.
Friendly 5. Repeated games. By using these strategies, we will be able to solve
the prisoners’ dilemma.
Main text
If the two sides are falling in prisoners’
dilemma, they will pick the worse situation due to Nash equilibrium. If there
is one group versus a man, the group or the man won’t pick the best situation:
Both of them won’t speak out anything or don’t take any action. However, when
considering game theory, they will both pick the situation which is most
harmful for both of them. Thus, both of them will be severely punished like
going to jail or losing life. Thus, it is very important to solve the prisoners’
dilemma. I propose several methods to solve this dilemma.
1. Final strong award: If the two sides
want to avoid the punishment: going to jail or severe defamation which is the
solution of Nash equilibrium. If both can get the final strong award such as a
great deal of money or Nobel price etc, then both will pick don’t speak out
truth or don’t take any action. Thus, this strategy can help to the two sides
to avoid the worst situation. This solution is called final strong award.
2. Final strong punishment: There is
another possibility for the two sides to avoid the Nash equilibrium: Final
strong punishment. If there is more severe punishment than defamation or going
to jail, then the both side will pick don’t speak out truth or don’t take any
action. For example, both of them will lose lives if they pick Nash equilibrium.
If the Nash equilibrium itself is losing lives, then stronger punishment is
still needed to help to two sides to avoid Nash equilibrium. Stronger
punishment like a curse or spell should be applied. A curse saying that not
only the persons but also his/her family member’s lives will lose might be able
to provide the stronger punishment. Only the guy in the group speaks out the
truth will let the guy to avoid/stop this curse for himself/herself. Combing
the above award, I will call this “Nobel-IgNobel spell.” To combine both strong
award and punishment just only to break the prisoners’ dilemma. A curse needs a
more supra-natural power. However, it may not be illogical. Because some spells
really works such as Indian spell: Tecumseh curse or Kennedy family curse or
superman curse.
3&4. Friendship or strong coherence:
The both sides need to cooperate via friendship and strong coherence. Then, the
both side won’t betray each other and pick against Nash equilibrium. Then, this
will also solve prisoners’ dilemma.
5. Repeated game. If this game is played
repeatedly, the both side will figure out the best strategy and pick against
Nash equilibrium to avoid prisoners’ dilemma. Thus, repeated games will also
help. A wrong solution is an eye for an eye strategy. This strategy will let
the situation worse, and both of the two sides will fall in prisoners’ dilemma
again.
Conclusion
